Small-scale Tourism Development in Brazilian Amazonia: The Creation of a ‘Tourist Bubble’

Authors

  • Mirjam A.F. Ros-Tonen Amsterdam institute for Metropolitan and International Development Studies (AMIDSt)
  • Anna Flora Werneck

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18352/erlacs.9610

Keywords:

tourism, tourist bubble, staged authenticity, Brazilian Amazonia, Brazil, turismo, burbuja turística, modificaciones sociales, Amazonía brasileña, Brasil

Abstract

In Brazil, tourism is promoted as a means of generating employment, tax revenues, foreign exchange and investments in infrastructure. The Amazon region is thereby primarily marketed as a ‘green’ destination. One such a destination is the village of Alter do Chão in the municipality of Santarém in the state of Pará, where tourism has expanded rapidly during the past decade. Looking at the main characteristics of tourism in the study area and the actors involved, the authors show that the notion of a ‘tourist bubble’, which was developed for large-scale enclave-like resorts, may apply equally to a small-scale destination. First, it is in the sense of abstracting from historical and cultural contexts in relation to the antecedents of the local population and by commercializing the local Sairé festival as ‘staged authenticity’. Second, a ‘tourist bubble’ is emerging as a result of increasing physical and functional segregation of tourism and residential areas. As far as the local population is concerned, the creation of the ‘bubble’ primarily represents new economic opportunities. However, the introduction of ‘invented traditions’ is also easily adopted because it fits in with the ongoing ethnic reclassification process in Brazil among culturally fragmented populations in search for their ‘roots’ and lost rights. The authors conclude that in order to fully understand the complexity and dynamics of cultural and economic transformations following tourism development, it is necessary to also look beyond the ‘tourist bubble’.

Resumen: El desarrollo turístico de pequeña escala en la Amazonía brasileña: la creación de una ‘burbuja turística’

En Brasil, los gobiernos en todos niveles están promoviendo el turismo para generar empleo, impuestos, divisas e inversiones en infraestructura. La región amazónica brasileña está siendo comercializada como un destino ‘verde’. La aldea de Alter do Chão en la municipalidad de Santarém al oeste del estado del Pará, donde el turismo se ha expandido rápidamente en la última década, es un ejemplo de tal destino. Analizando las características del turismo en el área de estudio y los actores involucrados, las autoras muestran que la noción de ‘burbuja turística’ se aplica tanto a destinos turísticos de pequeña escala como a complejos tipo enclave a gran escala. Primero, porque en la comercialización del festival de Sairé se abstraen los contextos históricos y culturales propios de la población local. En segundo lugar porque la intensificación de la segregación física y funcional entre las áreas turísticas y residenciales ha provocado una ‘burbuja turística’, aumentando los precios de terrenos residenciales en el centro de la villa. En lo que concierne a la población local, estos desarrollos representan nuevas oportunidades económicas. Sin embargo, las ‘tradiciones inventadas’ son fácilmente adoptadas porque coinciden con el proceso de reclasificación étnica actualmente en curso en Brasil entre grupos de la población socialmente fragmentados y a la búsqueda de sus ‘raíces’ y derechos perdidos. Se describen varios otros efectos, como las consecuencias positivas y negativas en las esferas ambientales, económicas y sociales. Aunque la balanza del desarrollo del turismo en la aldea es positiva en la percepción de los habitantes locales, más expansión engendra el riesgo de degradación ambiental irreversible y la exclusión de los inmigrantes pobres de comunidades vecinas que buscan empleo relacionado con el turismo. Los autores concluyen que para comprender cabalmente la complejidad y dinámica de las transformaciones culturales y económicas del desarrollo del turismo, es necesario mirar más allá de la ‘burbuja turística’.

Author Biographies

Mirjam A.F. Ros-Tonen, Amsterdam institute for Metropolitan and International Development Studies (AMIDSt)

Mirjam A.F. Ros-Tonen is a Human Geographer with a PhD degree in policy sciences. She is affiliated to the Amsterdam institute for Metropolitan and International Development Studies (AMIDSt) of the University of Amsterdam as senior researcher and coordinator of the (Netherlands) Development Policy Review Network (DPRN). She recently published Partnerships for Sustainable Forest Resource Development: Learning from Latin America published by Brill Publishers (2007). Mirjam Ros-Tonen is currently engaged in research into forest use and governance in the Brazilian Amazon.

Anna Flora Werneck

Anna Flora Werneck graduated in International Relations at the University Estácio de Sá in Rio de Janeiro in 2001 and obtained her MA degree at the International School for Humanities and Social Studies (ISHSS) in Amsterdam based on her thesis titled ‘Local Participation in Tourism Development. A Case Study of Tourism Development in Alter do Chão’ (2006). She presently lives in São Paulo, Brazil, where she works as Programme Coordinator for the World Childhood Foundation on projects against sexual violence against children and adolescents

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Published

15-04-2009

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Section

Articles | Artículos

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